Application

1.      Descriptions

a)      CCM was a combination of 7 individual mind maps.

b)      It focuses only on the chemical properties of all classes of aliphatic compounds which comprises the             reactions of the classes of compounds that lead to the transformation of another classes of compounds.

Steps to create CCM

Step 1: All classes of compounds were written on a blank sheet in a designated layout.

Step 2: Start linking one class of compounds to another from the left. i.e. chemical reaction to transform alkane to haloalkane.

Step 3: Continue to link between classes of compounds through respective chemical reactions

Step 4: Repeat the connection by changing to different classes of compounds until a completed CCM was obtained

Transformation of CCM into a self-help guidebook. 

Benefits:

a)   To help the students to summarise all 7 chapters of chemical reactions of aliphatic compounds by                  constructing their own concept maps step-by-step using the guidebook.

b) Chemistry educators can also use the guidebook to facilitate their Teaching and Learning (TnL) sessions       of the organic compounds in their respective tutorial classes.

Contents of the guidebook:

a)     A template to guide the students to draw their own CCM layout.

b)   Clear and simple step-by-step guidelines (with schematic diagrams) to guide the students to complete the      CCM.

c)   Short notes.

d)  Guidelines on how to use CCM based on the questions given.

e)  Exercises with suggested answers.

f)   Blank pages for students to jot down their notes.

CCM Guidebook in softcopy

Cl₂ is used instead of Br₂, because Br₂ is more selective. 

Saytzeff’s Rule states that an elimination reaction will give an alkene with the most highly substituted double bond as the major products.

Markovnikov’s Rule states that in the addition of HX to an alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom adds to the carbon atom that already has the greater number of hydrogen atoms.

Anti-Markovnikov’s Rule states that in the addition of HX to an alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom adds to the carbon atom that has lesser number of hydrogen atoms.

If there is an increase one carbon atom in the hydrocarbon chain of the product, must transform into Grignard Reagents (product is 1^○  ROH)  or Nitriles first.

Increasing of more than one carbon atoms in hydrocarbon chain, only can transform into Grignard Reagents. Then the Grignard Reagents are treated with selected i. Aldehyde ii. H₃O⁺  (product is 2^○  ROH) or i. Ketone ii. H₃O⁺  (product is 3^○  ROH).

Please refer to Pg 43

In order to form butanoic acid, propene must treat with HBr/H₂O₂ (or any peroxide). Application of Anti-Markovnikov’s Rule. Please refer to page 12.

C. Cl₂ is used instead of Br_2,  because Br₂  is more selective.

       If using Br₂ ,uv , have to follow the second pathway.